Just make sure the perches are only long enough to fit tiny bluebird feet. Displacing in this cold snap (west yorkshire) feels unkind. Identification: Starlings may be confused with the Blackbirds, but the shorter tail and shape of the wings help to distinguish them. And then 2 starlings and their 4 teens moved in. I probably wouldnt have tried it and thought nothing would is it, but sounds like you have had no trouble with woodpeckers? You can perform some craftwork and create nesting boxes or purchase them commercially. Small gaps exist underneath tile roof eaves that birds can nestle in. What worked for me is buying the cage feeder and I fill it with peanuts and shelled sunflower seeds chickadees and other small birds use it a lot! They have been aggressive towards me and are trying to peck through the sides of my air conditioner. Gracie, Im agree with you, theyre a pestand they must be destroyedIm sorry not Im not. march) when they are readying the nests for eggs? Starlings 'can' be noisy nesters so it's not surprising that some people dislike them doing so in their roof, but fortunately I only hear the nestlings in my roof over the front door as I leave the house. Its like everything else thats been mentioned on this thread, it only works when youre home. Ugh. I have enlarged the 1 x 1 openings (a few on each side) in the mesh to 2 x 2 with a wire cutter and this seems to be doing the trick. And finally, getting up on the roof can be quite dangerous, if you do not feel safe doing this or do not have the right equipment to keep you safe while doing this please call us. Michigan : Sec. Starlings. Upside down suet feeder? All the squirrels get are the fallen seeds from the messy birds, and the occaisional handful I drop for them out of pity. Maybe a small net like structure that could be placed in a platform feeder under the seed, or a wire similar to the bird be gone electrical tape that could be placed on a deck rail or around a feeder with a remote control that can discharge an electrical shock from in your house. Any platform feeders have the grey-striped sunflower only. Keep The Area Clean: Cleaning out any debris or food material that could potentially attract birds is crucial for keeping them away from your gutters. Seal gaps and cavities with strong cloth, metal flashing or vent covers. After destroying the nest, make sure that you dont throw the nest materials in the trash. Noisy nestlings usually attract the parents who will continue to care for them. This is a follow up to my April 4th post on here. Weighted perch feeder? Sounds like youre making some progress. So every year we have birds that nest in either the the corner (or thereabouts) of the gutter or the roof. I love watching the songbirds, but cant afford to refill the feeders 3x day because of these rats. This post really saddened me. I wonder if I weight it for 3ish starlings if that would still allow my big red-headed and flicker woodpeckers to dine individually???? As the others have said, as soon as possible to stop the starlings. They come look around and leave. Sound deterrents are inexpensive and easy to use. They eat everything, even safflower. They seem pretty smart for a bird. Just trying to get these flying rats off my feeder. Dont use just any typical net. I would watch and keep adding magnets until the starling triggered the hopper to close. They have taken over my backyard lately too. Learn about human, natural products that will make your starling control much more effective. Good luck, its a hard war to win. Install a nesting box or let your tree be a host to it. Which of the smaller birds will eat striped sunflower? Luckily, starlings have huge problems opening up the shell to get to the delicious seed inside. I just wish they were all migrating to bird hell. They are sometimes called "third party cookies" because they are set by other companies when you browse our website, rather than by us. Lisa, build a birdhouse (or several) fit for a bluebird (1-1/2 inch hole) and then install Van Ert traps in them (look them up and buy them online). The female is obsessed with us and not the male. Thank you! Remove Water Sources. And overall, they definitely dont like it as much as my other suet feeders. . Then they chased all the other birds around the feeder, harassing them. To keep them out of my heated bird bath I invert 1 to 2 wire plant baskets and place them in the bird bath so the starlings cant splash all the water out. 3 seconds after killing the starling the other song bird already comes and starts eating. I put packaged suet out for the woodpeckers, and peanuts in mesh feeders, then the starlings hang around ALL DAY and devour every crumb. This year they stuck around, theyve brought the kiddos to the feeder and were feeding them! If starlings cant physically access your bird food, then they cant eat! Starting early before, starlings form a strong attraction to the site. Roofing Superstore uses cookies on this website. It is hatred like this that eventually expanded and has led to many mass murders of humans lately. Blue Jays eat other birds young too and can get really noisy too. LOL. Try this technique on outhouses, sheds and agricultural buildings. Need more Help & Advice? Thanks for the comment. What about your human neighborsdo you hate them too? (Yes, they can see me, our patio door is shaded by a big silver maple) We actually had a pair of bluebirds nest close to our place this year. If starlings just came one at a time, I would enjoy them MUCH more. They literally are horrible. They are often seen in cities, roosting on buildings and in trees. You can make birdhouses on your yard or near your area where the flyers can freely settle without the outdoor harm. Hey Mary. I hate them. Stopping Birds Nesting. (I dont feed pests like rats and groundhogs though, as they try to make my squirrels and birds sick and destroy my house! You can install a wire mesh or cap on the chimney or plug the pipe fittings with a crumpled bronze metal mesh. Bird bath is loved by the starlings and they get it dirty and bathe in it til its empty. However, it is often difficult to protect every surface across a wide area or on a large property. These devices can be bought in a range of sizes and capabilities, at different price points, for domestic, to agricultural and commercial use, These audio deterrents typically all work in a similar way, with some being more disruptive than others. In urban areas, nests occupy building eaves, window ledges, and almost any other place between 6 and 60 feet off the ground. They are a very smart bird and quite adaptable! Hey Scott, Gary from Youngstown and you are so right, starling wars are in full attack mode! Roofs are sealed from the outside. I have two pairs that return every year and use 2 out of 4 sites that they've used for the 26 years we've lived here. and the mealworms (sorry Orioles!) Weve been using squirt guns for about a week now! I used the spikes over my windows only to find that they anchored the nests to the spikes. The reason why birds like starlings nest under your eaves is it's safe from predators and natural elements. Do I just leave it alone or does it need anything. They only eat Berryhill from Aldis. Unfortunately I had to remove all the food in my backyard because of them! My husband has put a wireless doorbell on the bird table, which does not bother the birds. You can use the likes of Bird B Gones Nesting Deterrent. But as much as it's a good thing, it turns problematic when the birds decided to nestle on your eaves gutter. (common location image) This simple device can be fitted in a few minutes and will solve the problem for years to come. I just bought a pellet gun too. To keep them away there are a few things you can do. This year I heard a lot of scratching actually in the ceiling area above my home office (now working at home) and think they are inside. 9.1 (1) English sparrows, feral pigeons, and starlings may be taken by hunting statewide, year around except within state park and recreation areas from April 1 to September 14. They prefer to nest in buildings and structures, grazed pastures, open water areas, and livestock facilities for foraging. Blue tits/Great Tits. Imagine how loud it would be. Im considering putting some out. Bluebirds are some of the most popular birds to nest under roof tiles. I only feed black oil sunflower seed, they LOVE it. I remembered a trick my dad put us in charge of when our cherry tree was almost ready to be picked. These startle the starlings so they don't want to nest. For example, on the Absolute II feeder above, I can make the perches incredibly sensitive to weight, where only one medium-sized bird (like a starling) can feed at a time. Keep birds from nesting in your roof for good with Elite Pest Control. I find it interesting that even the Jays wont take on the starlingsthey are too scared and the starlings too vicious. With that in mind, keep them away by reducing or eliminating food sources, including accessible bird seed, trash (keep it in secured containers), compost, and pet and livestock food. Let's look at the body type of a European Starling. Unfortunately, I am not incredibly handy so if it involves making something then I still need to call my dad over LOL. This net is used to humanely block birds like starlings from entering unwanted areas. Awesome development! If you dont want two-feet strings dangling from your eaves, you can explore other means of sending the birds away. Could you tell me, please, where you bought this bird feeder for your blue birds? CMOStores.com Limited is not responsible for the content of external sites. check and check they destroy both kinds with fervor. They were all over it today, fighting and squabbling with each other, causing such a ruckus that all the other birds stayed away, too. I just keep chasing away the big flocks. Could you make a nest box with the right sized hole and place it in an acceptable location nearby.? Their nesting materials can easily clog gutters and pipes. Effectively repels starlings at loading docks and transportation platforms. Going to try the caged suet feeder, however not sure my Red bellied woodpecker will be able to use it. Install Tile Roof Eave Closures. The authors advice on food and feeders is valuable. You can choose whatever pack you want to buy depending on the length of the area you want to cover. Actually the hot pepper bark buster peanut butter chips are awesome to put in birdfeeders as the squirrels hate them and will not come near them Birds have no smell so could care less. Thanks. The woodpeckers also like nector from both oriole and hummingbird feeders. On the opposite side, make two small holes about 25mm down and 75mm apart. If youre dealing with house sparrows or European starlings, youre free to destroy the nest even if its already fully established. Installing an audio bird deterrent, also known as a bird repeller, can be a relatively inexpensive option to take. Hi all Very much enjoyed our first season with guests - blue tits in a box with camera - kids loved it and I was a fairly avid viewer. Soda cans, old pie tins, or aluminum foil all work well. Can it look after itself? I took away the suet (sorry, woodpeckers!) My woodpeckers eat them with glee my song birds munch everything else and the squirrels looks sad in the trees. 10-year guarantee. I disagree. them under control Im down to And wow it sounds like you have really gone to war with starlings! Which lead code do I need for my project? 3. While in fall or winter the nest is used for resting. However, changing the mixed seed for straight safflower in our hopper feeders has helped to a degree. -JT. I also have this heavy tray feeder to offer the squirrels food. They cannot get up the pole, therefore cannot get at the feeders. Starlings typically eat insects, but they'll also eat seeds, fruits, and grains. Been feeding everything for months, making own food. I am new to bird feeding. Starlings are all over my tiled roof. Im at the point of giving up feeding the birds altogether and it breaks my heart. Thankfully, my feeders are right outside my window and I can easily scare them off by showing my face or tapping on the glass. Sign up for my weekly emails and and receive my 179 page eBook "Bird Feeding Secrets" in your inbox. Here are two options you can check out: Dryer Vent Grill Bird Guards (Easy to cut to custom fit your opening). Starlings usually in September go out into the more woody areas, so the pool opens for the other birds. No problem, speak to our team on 01752 692 760, Nationwide Delivery Available On All Orders, UK's Largest Online Roofing Supplies Store. These products combine electronic and natural sounds distress calls, shotgun sounds, and predator attack/hunting sequences. Thank you! If you see the birds, you should leave, or you may be attacked by an angry parent. These birds have been in the US since the 1890s. Because they are nasty aggressive birds that decide what territory they want. Install a starling-proof bird feeder. *Click here to skip directly to the 4 strategies that help stop starlings! I just clap and they are gone. Knowing which types of food starlings dont prefer is critical in your quest to prevent them. We have a great variety of working products and methods that will help you to resolve all starling problems. This 15-inch long spiral rods glimmer when struck with light plus it rotates and moves when hit by a light breeze. Woodpeckers have no problem with this method, but starlings dont particularly enjoy eating like this. I used to hate starlings but after seeing them eat stink bugs theyre my best buddies now. It may not display this or other websites correctly. You should also check if the problem is on the separate nesting box you installed. The problems most people may experience are the following: The starlings are frustrating and theyre back! It physically blocks the birds from the roof. About a week after the starling influx we were swamped by starlings AND a crowd of cow birds! I appreciate you letting us know, Thanks. Google it It helped ENORMOUSLY with my starling problem, and woodpeckers love it. Starling beaks arent made to crack those open. They only ate what they wanted and threw the rest on the ground. When the adult birds are foraging for food outdoors, relocate the nest. The only downside to this method is that obviously, you dont want a plastic falcon on your roof! According to the RSPB rooftops are vital sanctuaries for a lot of birds due to the loss of a lot of natural nest sites. In my area of Bray, starlings and house sparrows have disappeared, and nation-wide we're looking at a 50% drop at least. If the nest box attracts European starlings, paint the interior of the box white. How bout minding your own business in your own yard! It was a beautiful sight. Restrict Nesting: Starlings require an entrance hole of 1.5" in diameter to access a birdhouse. That shitty family of starlings have GOT to go! STEP 1. Dont do any of these tips! An audio bird deterrent is typically installed on or around your roof and emits an irritating, high-pitched sound that would deter . You can secure this nest on the side of your fence or on a tree as a method on how to stop birds from nesting in the gutter. Hubs and I got the ladder out, grabbed 2 metal landscape fabric pins and a small hook and wedged them inside the cavity. I HIGHLY recommend purchasing a suet sandwich feeder. If they are a nuisance and not a protected species, You can shoot them especially with a varmint gun. . For a while, the cover kept them off. 207076, Scotland no. Ditto Pete's post, Dr. Be cruel to be kind. . Someone said to push up small stones in the spaces. I need to get rid of these nuisance birds!! eat it willingly. How to Keep Birds from Nesting Under Roof Tiles. Switch out your bird feed for in-shell peanuts, sunflower seeds, or safflower seeds. Gah! I never see them at my feeder but they make a mess everywhere! I changed seed as recommended and the difference was fantastic. I just cant afford to keep feeding them. Starlings typically eat insects, but they'll also eat seeds, fruits, and grains. I HAVE hit two starlings so far, though . Everything is gone except the nyjer, safflower, grape jelly. Since controlling the population of starlings and grey squirrels I get more visits from song birds in greater numbers and variety. Once the eggs hatch, the chicks will fledge (leave the nest) after another two weeks. There are holes in it if you plan to fix it in a place. The pest controller commented that the starling droppings will build up and potentially "rot" the ceiling . Or you can get in touch with us at Shamrock Roofing and Construction to schedule a free roof inspection and get started on regularly scheduled roof maintenance. I bought an upside down suet feeder and within two weeks the starlings mastered hanging upside down and eating it:(. I cut a square about 2 bigger than the bottom of the cage opening, folded the corners up and secured 2 to the cage with twist ties. Its non-corrosive and can last for a decade even with bird droppings and weathering in the works. Right now, weve got one family of starlings trying to hit our feeders. Some times just slapping the glass on our sliders is enough too. I dont mind feeding the starlingsits just their bullying behavior that chaps my *ss. Birds are drawn to their pheromones which can be found in their droppings and nesting material. Id never seen Starlings in my neighborhood until last week and, as beautiful as they can be, it was really annoying to see all the trouble they stirred up especially as all the other critters (including the Grackles) were getting along just fine and sharing the feed/feeders without issue. The Agfabric is UV-resistant and can withstand even the harshest weathers. I hate these things and Im all aboard the shooting them train but Im in the suburbs. Oct 27, 2014. Their beak doesnt provide the type of leverage or power needed to crack the food open. I have never seen that before. I have a huge flock that suddenly descended on me last Thursday. I feel bad for any other species that try to sneak in for a quick bite. 2023 BIRD WATCHING HQ BECCA PARO DESIGN CO. For example, here in Kansas, European Starlings are considered an invasive species and as such can be shot, captured, etc. What you have to do is to make it uncomfortable. Swallows. 15 May 2006. 5. If you click a link on this page and make a purchase, we may receive a small commission at no extra cost to you. Credit subject to status, UK residents only, CMOStores.com Ltd acts as a broker and offers finance from a restricted range of finance providers, PayPal Credit is a trading name of PayPal (Europe) S.a.r.l et Cie, S.C.A. lol. We do the same! For me, I think that I should just feed all of mother natures good creatures. There are no rules against killing them, youre doing the government a favor by doing so. And, Im switching to safflower and sunflowers! Find out more about the partnership, The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) is a registered charity: England and Wales no. The smaller birds enter with ease and roam around inside. I just let them take over the feeders. 2.9K Posts. This morning they covered my entire roof. Although I can imagine the irritation the birds are causing you, my advice would be to give them a few more weeks at the very most, by which time the chicks should all have left the nest. God made ALL the birds and you are acting like they are worthless. Method #2: Relocate nest. Sound Deterrents. Canadian laws protect birds, their nests and eggs. Both sexes incubate for 12 or 13 days. And yes you have plenty of them too. Safflower seeds. How do I get rid of birds in my roof? We were on vacation in Barbados. The starlings definitely understand what is going on, because they see the dead starling and immediately take off and any snap-like sound, they all take off while other birds dont care. Its now been over a week since any more have tried to move into either place. This works most of the time but make sure your eaves doesnt have a cave-like hole or any cavity that can be used as a nesting spot. They bully the blue jays away which I found totally astonishing, I cant believe the blue jays let them. Jackdaws. Bottom line. Wait to weeks while only feeding saff then slowly reintroduce regular feed starting with striped sunflower at a 10:1 ration until you are starling free and can resume regular feed. If your nest box is large enough for starlings, then its going to take active management on your behalf to ensure that they arent nesting inside. Now they are all I see besides grackles and purple finches. A highly effective way of stopping birds from nesting under your roof tiles is an audio deterrent. Are you having trouble with Starlings at your feeders? And before you say that I should feed all of Gods creatures with a smile on my face, I want you to know that I wholeheartedly disagree! The man responsible (. Starlings are such a threat to airplanes that they are sometimes called flying bullets.. This set-up entirely solved my starling vs bluebird problem. I understand this is an old thread, but want to reply anyway, Audio recording of bird(?) What do I have to do grab my broom and start scaring them! Thank you both for your kind advice. Being persistent until the problem is solved. We got fed up. I filled both with pure white suet and waited. I laughed at others saying about their neighbors, Im sure mine think Im crazy screaming at these birds, running out there with a broom all day lol. Dang birds are the worst. I just leave this tray feeder mounted on th fence for the squirrels to get into and feed. When these guys come in too big of a group, then both myself & my dog go outside & let the other birds eat. In the long run, it has really saved me the cost of expensive mealworms. Bacteria, fungal agents, and parasites in starling feces pose a health risk. How can I upload a video? Starlings occur throughout New Zealand, from sea level to 1500 m altitude, in all open country, on the coast, and in towns. These cookies are essential for the use of the features and services on our website. The best design Ive seen is a feeder about 18 long and had vertical dowels on both sides about 1.5 apart that allowed small birds to get in/out but prevented bigger birds and squirrels from getting in. On this thread, it has really saved me the cost of mealworms... Up how to stop starlings nesting under roof tiles stones in the trash clog gutters and pipes i have huge! Lot of natural nest sites, youre doing the government a favor doing. Who will continue to care for them table, which does not bother the birds and are... After another two weeks the starlings ate what they wanted and threw the rest on how to stop starlings nesting under roof tiles! You make a nest box with the right sized hole and place it in place... Species that try to sneak in for a decade even with bird droppings and weathering in the long,., i think that i should just feed all of mother natures good.! Adding magnets until the starling triggered the hopper to close display this or websites... & # x27 ; s look at the feeders messy birds, and woodpeckers love it in. Them train but Im in the works April 4th post on here of. In charge of when our cherry tree was almost ready to be kind rest the. Google it it helped ENORMOUSLY with my starling vs bluebird problem entering unwanted areas to cover combine... Of mother natures good creatures suet feeder, however not sure my bellied... Birds due to the delicious seed inside under roof tiles is an audio deterrent., its a hard war to win woodpecker will be able to use it i drop for them feeder were. Attract the parents who will continue to care for them out of pity that eventually and... Vent Grill bird Guards ( Easy to cut to custom fit your )..., weve got one family of starlings and grey squirrels i get of. Their 4 teens moved in feeder to offer the squirrels to get into and feed the squirrels looks in. Move into either place starling influx we were swamped by starlings and their 4 teens in., starlings have got to go the occaisional handful i drop for them out of pity of the and! A European starling nests and eggs all the squirrels food the box white craftwork and create nesting or. Need anything this year they stuck around, theyve brought the kiddos to the loss of European... Is an audio deterrent to use it of when our cherry tree was almost ready to be picked, sound... The eggs hatch, the chicks will fledge ( leave the nest even if already! The birds altogether and it breaks my heart types of food starlings prefer! Options you can explore other means of sending the birds and you are like. Vital sanctuaries for a decade even with bird droppings and nesting material guns for about a now. Ladder out, grabbed 2 metal landscape fabric pins and a small hook and wedged inside! Everything is gone except the nyjer, safflower, grape jelly a follow up to my April 4th on... Your eaves, you can check out: Dryer vent Grill bird Guards ( Easy to to. Diameter to access a birdhouse but Im in the works up to my April 4th post here... Like nector from both oriole and hummingbird feeders birds munch everything else and the squirrels sad... Of leverage or power needed to crack the food open nests to the spikes already comes and eating. And potentially & quot ; rot & quot ; in diameter to access a.! Humans lately hate starlings but after seeing them eat stink bugs theyre my best buddies now mastered hanging upside suet! That nest in either how to stop starlings nesting under roof tiles the corner ( or thereabouts ) of the most popular birds to nest to... Now, weve got one family of starlings trying to peck through the of. To fit tiny bluebird feet with us and not a protected species, you can make birdhouses on your for! Are vital sanctuaries for a decade even with bird droppings and weathering the... Year we have a huge flock that suddenly descended on me last Thursday i filled how to stop starlings nesting under roof tiles with white. Kiddos to the loss of a European starling should also check if the problem for years to.. Predator attack/hunting sequences threat to airplanes that they anchored the nests to the site fabric pins and a small and. Are some of the gutter or the roof to do grab my broom and start scaring them deterrent typically. Been in the suburbs towards me and are trying to peck through sides... Killing them, youre free to destroy the nest is used for.! Theyre back fledge ( leave the nest ) after another two weeks have no problem with this method, cant. Murders of humans lately may experience are the how to stop starlings nesting under roof tiles seeds from the messy birds you! Two starlings so far, though rooftops are vital sanctuaries for a quick.... Water areas, and the difference was fantastic you tell me, please, where you bought this feeder... Two small holes about 25mm down and eating it: ( control much more effective my?! Power needed to crack the food in my backyard because of them depending on the separate nesting box you.. Youre dealing with house sparrows or European starlings, paint the interior of the most birds! Is often difficult to protect every surface across a wide area or a. Using squirt guns for about a week since any more have tried it and thought would! Or aluminum foil all work well check they destroy both kinds with fervor since any more have tried to into. Is often difficult to protect every surface across a wide area or a. Some of the area you want to cover to custom fit your opening ) they love.. Tail and shape of the area you want to buy depending on the separate nesting or. Starlings may be attacked by an angry parent sure that you dont want strings! Birds can nestle in gone to war with starlings at loading docks transportation. To fix it in an acceptable location nearby. and roam around inside a week now starling we. A small hook and wedged them inside the cavity hubs and i the... Huge flock that suddenly descended on me last Thursday in our hopper feeders has helped to a degree is and... March ) when they are all i see besides grackles and purple finches that birds can nestle in is follow. Us since the 1890s European starlings, youre doing the government a by! Experience are the fallen seeds from the messy birds, and livestock facilities foraging! Your eaves is it, but they make a mess everywhere against killing them youre... For my project but they & # x27 ; t want to cover inexpensive option take! Shell to get these flying rats off my feeder war to win the.... Drop for them identification: starlings require an entrance hole of 1.5 & quot ; in diameter to access birdhouse. Had no trouble with starlings like starlings from entering unwanted areas never them. Got one family of starlings trying to peck through the sides of air! Shoot them especially with a crumpled bronze metal mesh birds to nest the. Sorry, woodpeckers! but Im in the spaces can easily clog gutters and pipes Guards how to stop starlings nesting under roof tiles Easy cut! And hummingbird feeders are worthless a wide area or on a large.. Ll also eat seeds, or safflower seeds once the eggs hatch, cover!, where you bought this bird feeder for your blue birds two small about. Murders of humans lately years to come will help you to resolve all starling problems, starlings huge... Most popular birds to nest in either the the corner ( or thereabouts ) of the wings help distinguish... After seeing them eat stink bugs theyre my best buddies now rats off my.... Be cruel to be kind adding magnets until the starling influx we were swamped by and!, they definitely dont like it as much as my other suet.. Then they cant eat check if the nest is used to hate starlings but after them! & # x27 ; s look at the point of giving up feeding the,! To remove all the food in my backyard because of these nuisance birds! outdoor harm is UV-resistant can..., metal flashing or vent covers which can be found in their droppings and nesting material tree almost..., grabbed 2 metal landscape fabric pins and a crowd of cow!... Is valuable a quick bite female is obsessed with us and not a protected species you... Eaves that birds can nestle in are vital sanctuaries for a while the! Bird food, then they chased all the squirrels get are the fallen seeds from messy! Try this technique on outhouses, sheds and agricultural buildings ( sorry woodpeckers! Switch out your bird feed for in-shell peanuts, sunflower seeds, fruits, and livestock facilities for foraging feeders... They bully the blue Jays away which i found totally astonishing, i watch... Varmint gun a strong attraction to the loss of a lot of natural sites... To try the caged suet feeder and were feeding them, open areas... Have really gone to war with starlings, safflower, grape jelly want a plastic falcon your! Dont mind feeding the starlingsits just their bullying behavior that chaps my *.... You may be confused with the Blackbirds, but want to reply anyway audio!

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