This ideathat an animal's perception of danger . Andrea Turkalo /The Elephant Listening Project, Andrea Turkalo /The Elephant Listening Project. DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT: Kevin DiCesare, Joel Fiser, Jaime Hritsik, Brian Jacobs. only . So why elephants? 3. c. percentage of elephants killed for . Mostup to 3,000were poached from 2005 to 2008. That's painful to imagine, especially for anyone who's had the chance to watch these animals. Kony is a former Roman Catholic altar boy whose stated mission is to overthrow the Ugandan government on behalf of the Acholi people of northern Uganda, and to rule the country according to his version of the Ten Commandments. Ivory poachers are killing some 22,000 African elephants a year. One possibility is that surges of intense hunting have occurred on and off in Gorongosa over millennia, letting the genes occasionally provide a benefit. Theyre in a place 2.2 degrees Fahrenheit cooler than the ambient temperature, so perhaps theyve been buried in the backyard. Elephant tusks are elongated incisors. Later, when Labuschagne examined the trajectory of bullets at the scene, he concluded that the poachers had been trained in how to set up a cross fire, which, combined with evidence found at the scene, pointed to President Omar al-Bashirs Sudan Armed Forces. To use comments you will need to have JavaScript enabled. Five of the worlds least stable nations, as ranked by the Washington, D.C.-based organization the Fund for Peace, are home to people who travel to other countries to kill elephants. Schreger lines, he says. Now, researchers report this intense hunting dramatically altered a major elephant population there, favoring female elephants born without tusks. ", Turkalo says she walked up to the man in charge and saw he had an AK-47 assault rifle. Embattled park rangers are often the only defense for wildlife andvillagers. EVERY SINGLE animal on this planet is special and this doesn't happen to monkeys or crocodiles or birds does it? Turkalo is now part of an extraordinary operation to protect the surviving forest elephants. Issa, who is Chadian, said he joined the team of three Sudanese men and that together they rode more than two weeks to get to Heban, where they killed nine elephants in four days. ". I know that ivory tusks make millions of pounds but is it really worth it? Geli Oh perks up at the word elephant. She saw many elephants in Garamba National Park, she says, which is where the LRA took her. Quintin Kermeen, 51, based in Concord, California, has the credentials, and the personality, Im looking for. Rangers join a Congolese army platoon on a 21-day mission in Garamba National Park, searching for poachers, especially those with the LRA. TEXT EDITOR: Oliver Payne. To look for genes that might be involved, the team took blood from 18 female elephants in the park and sequenced their genomes. On September 11, 2014, Michael Onen, a sergeant in Konys army, walked out of Garamba National Park carrying an AK-47, five magazines of ammunition, and a story. Together we can make a difference. The operation was designed by Kony himself, Onen says. His wife, abducted later, was killed. It was thanks largely to efforts by the group Invisible Children and its video Kony 2012 that Kony became a household name in the West. Seleka rebels had a stock of about 300 ivory tusks that they sold, which enabled them to get the supplies that helped them overthrow President Franois Boziz in CAR, Ongwen told African Union forces, according to his debriefing. Elephants without tusks were normally left alone by hunters, so this made it more likely they would breed and pass on the tuskless trait to their children. The study is extremely thorough and ticks off all the boxes, Roca says. In May 2013 Seleka-backed Sudanese poachers attacked Dzanga Bai, an elephant oasis in Dzanga-Ndoki National Park of southwest CAR, killing 26 elephants. Some 30,000 African elephants die each year at the hands of poachers to satisfy the global demand for ivory. But last year at the bai, she says, she feared for her life. That's just something to think about and consider really because it's absolutely RIDICULOUS that any animal should have to go through that. Tusklessness became more common in the female elephants of Mozambique 's Gorongosa National Park after rampant ivory poaching during the country's 15-year civil war. Researchers at the bai learned to identify individual elephants by the shape and characteristics of their ears. Radio Expeditions used interviews, narration, and on-location recording to bring listeners to exotic places around the world. Ugandan soldiers with the African Unions Regional Task Force hunt for LRA leader Joseph Kony in the Central African Republic (CAR), pulling themselves along ropes to cross rivers. I just can't understand why anyone would want to take away any of the amazing qualities and features of an elephant. It's run by a band of men who, if not exactly soldiers-of-fortune, certainly are trained warriors. Kiev's troops have big Nazi problem - ex-US soldier who escaped Ukraine; DESTRUCTION OF OUR CULTURE HAS SUCCEEDED; Most Ukrainian Soldiers On Bakhmut Front-Line Killed 'Within 4 Hours' URGENT: mRNAs jabs may have caused tens of millions of serious new health problems worldwide, a huge peer-reviewed study shows The series was one of NPR's earliest adopters of digital technology and led the network in surround-sound production. Civil war drove these elephants to lose their tusksthrough evolution. CAMPBELL-STATON: I saw that video in November, and by June I was in a helicopter over Mozambique. Written in Acholi, it details Konys order for a hundred elephant tusks. This find suggests the mutation for tusklessness may kill male elephants, per the New York Times. So, they are actually teeth. That evening, they floated by a village. ", Now, a year later, Andrea is stoic about the loss. Six antipoaching rangers and their cook, the entirety of the Hippotrague (French for roan antelope) unit, were awake, dressed in camouflage uniforms, and preparing for morning prayersdevoted even in the darkness. This comment was removed because it broke the rules. It was still too dangerous, Turkalo decided, so she made her escape by boat a second time. He went first to Sudan, initiating a pattern of border-hopping that continues to make him difficult to track. - during that 15-year period had all these cascading consequences, all the way up from, you know, a single gene to an entire ecosystem health. Researchers have long suspected that the tuskless trait, only seen in females, was linked to the sex of the elephant. A booming Chinese middle class with an insatiable taste for ivory, crippling poverty in Africa, weak and corrupt law enforcement, and more ways than ever to kill an elephant have created a perfect storm. Froment uses the word war to describe the fight Garambas 150 rangers are in with poachers. But Dante, who is one of the worlds most respected taxidermists, has never done what Im asking him to do. "They were terrified. One of them knew one of the women in the boat. 'They seem like white elephants . The relatives of murdered Zakouma ranger Idriss Adoum tracked one of the alleged Heban hill poachers to Sudan and arranged to have him brought back to Chad to stand trial. This paper is going to lead to a lot of speculation and modeling.. Ongwen said Konys plan is to obtain as much ivory as possible for his future survival should he not be able to overthrow the government of Uganda.. I wonder if Konys men are out there now. When ivory poachers target elephants, the hunters can affect more than just animal numbers. The result was. She turned her life around to be near them, settling in a rough camp in the rainforest and building an observation platform where she could safely watch the animals that congregate there. its rare to figure out the genetics behind this human-caused evolution, was far more likely to have resulted from selection, A racing heart makes the mind race, too, mouse study finds, Reactor experiment demonstrates alternative fusion scheme, U.K. scientists hope to regain access to EU grants after Northern Ireland deal, Astronomers stumble in diplomatic push to protect the night sky, Unfair medical screening plagues polar research, After uproar, society backpedals from actions against scientists who staged climate protest at meeting, Pablo Neruda was poisoned to death, a new forensic report suggests, Europes well-preserved bog bodies surrender their secrets, Teens leukemia goes into remission after experimental gene-editing therapy, Honey bee life spans are half what they were in the 1970s, DNA from elephant tusks reveals poaching routes, DNA links elephant tusks from a 487-year-old shipwreck to their living relatives. When humans hunt, they can cause their quarry to evolve by targeting individuals with particular traits, like big fish or sheep with hefty horns. Do we really need to sell ivory tusks in the world just to make money? "I can never get too emotionally attached to things there," she says of central Africa, "because otherwise you set yourself up for a lot of disappointment. Elephants without tusks were normally. Its hissanctuary.. In the United States, Presidents George W. Bush and Barack Obama supported efforts either to arrest or kill him. It's called the Dzanga bai a clearing the size of several football fields that's rich in the mineralized mud that the elephants depend on. But Turkalo decided not to leave the region right away. 19/129 = 14.7%. Meanwhile, according to Onen, Konys men hid ivory by burying it in the ground or submerging it in rivers. He and his colleagues analyzed videos, taken before the civil war, of elephants in the park. I make a mental note that Konys soldiers and other armed groups walk hundreds of miles from Sudan into this endless grass curtain to kill elephants. "We were all women five women." But it could take a long time for tusked females to become as common as they once were. They used Historical records to collect height (estimated to the shoulder), tusk length, and tusk circumference from approximately 600 elephants that were culled in Tsavo East National Park (Kenya) and Mkomazi National Park (Tanzania) between 1966 and 1968. "They recognize each other's voices," she told us in 2002, "just like women recognize their babies' cries. They all report to him, they all obey him. During a civil war in the country, that lasted from 1977 to 1992, up to 90% of Mozambique's elephant population was killed, mainly for their ivory tusks. Then they head south six miles, back into Kafia Kingi. Use the evidence above to make a claim about the main reason elephants were illegally killed in this region. For ten years Khartoum supplied him with food, medicine, and arms, including automatic rifles, antiaircraft guns, rocket-propelled grenades, and mortars. After six hours on the dark river, they got to safety, to a campsite in the Congo. Unlike Savanna elephants, forest elephants don't have natural predators, such as lions. In 2013, Khamis Kagasheki, then Tanzanias minister of natural resources and tourism, declared that the illegal ivory trade involves rich people and politicians who have formed a very sophisticated network, and he accused four members of Tanzanias Parliament of being involved init. She's bundled in a heavy coat rarely needed during her years in the African bush. Having worked extensively throughout central Africa, Froment transferred to Garamba in early 2014 after rangers discovered dozens of elephant carcasses in the park. For the man, the White elephant represents some component that is extra of a burden, even though it is a blessing, it is then again unwanted. His account was corroborated by Caesar Achellam, a former intelligence chief for Kony who is now in the Ugandan governments custody. The Elephant Listening Project Mozambique's elephants declined from an estimated 20,000 to 10,300 during the same period. Bryan Christy sets out on his groundbreaking mission to track down the kingpins of the ivory trade. By 1913, the African elephant population had dropped to an estimated 10 million. On January 2, 2009, the horror bled into Garambas headquarters, at Nagero, where Kony soldiers burned the park rangers main building, destroyed equipment, and killed at least eight rangers and staff members. "I could hear the call and say, 'Yeah, that's a juvenile being pushed out of a hole by its mother; it's protesting.' The women pushed on downriver. That members of the Sudanese military trade arms for ivory with the LRA raises questions about the highest levels of Sudans government. In Mozambique, past hunting pressure led to an increase of . He points a finger at me, and yells, You are a liar, bwana! (Bwana is Swahili for sir.). Suddenly they move steadily north, about 12 miles a day along the border with South Sudan, avoiding all roads. A pilot study published this year showed that the presence of a beehive fence reduced the odds of an elephant crossing the river by 95%. I agree elephants are my favourite animals and it's unfair elephants don't cut of our noses or massively nearly ruin our species so why should we do the same to them. CORNISH: Consequences that are still continuing nearly 30 years after the war. It's run by a band of men who, if not exactly soldiers-of-fortune, certainly are trained warriors who can deal not just with poachers, but with civil war, too. Kony even invited foreign press into his camp for interviews. Here a ranger unit is permanently deployed to protect one of the parks most important assets: a radio tower that was being built. Sudan is not on these lists, even though Sudanese poachers are a primary reason elephants are killed in several of the countries listed by CITES as of primary or secondary concern. Locals, including poor villagers and unpaid park rangers, are killing elephants for casha risk theyre willing to take because even if theyre caught, the penalties are often negligible. He said they bury sealed buckets of water along parched travel routes and bury ivory for safekeeping as well. "There's such a blizzard of depressing news about biodiversity and humans in the environment and I think it's important to emphasise that there are some bright spots in that picture. Or you hear a rumble, and you know it's probably an adult female, rumbling for a family either saying, 'I'm here,' or 'Let's go.' Sudan. They say the more elephants they kill, the more ivory they get.. At least 26 elephants were massacred at the Dzanga Bai in the Central African Republic in the spring of 2013. In a public square in Am Timan, shortly before his trial, he shouted, I know who betrayed me! Despite Sudans role as a safe haven for groups known to traffic ivory, such as the LRA, janjaweed, and other poaching gangs, the country has drawn limited official attention as a poaching state. Jensen, who was executive producer of the series, and Alex Chadwick, chief correspondent, insisted on the highest quality sound recording to complement its reporting. In fact, she tells us, two weeks later she went back to the bai something we found pretty astonishing given the circumstances of the civil war. We'll tell you more about them Friday, on NPR's Morning Edition. November 6, 1954, Page 3 Buy Reprints. Members of the Ugandan armys dog-tracking team lift weights at the African Union base in Obo, CAR. For his Judas pig project he built GPS satellite collars to enable pest control authorities in New Zealand to send feral pigs into the bush and locate their invasive piggy friends. Zakouma National Park has lost nearly 90 percent of its elephants since 2002. Between April 25 and June 17, poachers killed two Garamba rangers and two army . Other roads also lead to Sudan. Instead of signing a peace agreement, Kony had his peace negotiator executed. Get more great content like this delivered right to you! Otti was furious, Onen says. The Radio Expeditions series (1992-2007) was a joint production of NPR and the National Geographic Society. Do we really need to sell ivory tusks in the world just to make money? Such genes ought to disappear, Roca says, because females that lack them would have more offspring. "So we heard this 'rat-a-tat-tat.' But she knew she had to leave; she's a researcher for a non-governmental wildlife organization, not some kind of soldier-of-fortune. Now, says the parks director, Rian Labuschagne, of African Parks, my biggest fear is that theyll start coming in pairs.. Sudanese and Chadian poachers were likewise implicated in the 2013 butchering of nearly 90 elephantsincluding 33 pregnant females as well as newborn calvesnear Tikem, Chad, not far from Bouba Ndjidah. Under poaching pressure, elephants are evolving to lose their tusks Elephants with a rare "tuskless" genetic trait had a better chance of surviving Mozambique's long civil war, financed in. Hed grown up not far from Garamba at a time when it was possible to fly over the park and see 5,000 elephants in a single gathering. Theyre looting communities, enslaving people, and killing park rangers who get in their way. The UN estimated that the massacre displaced more than a hundred thousand Congolese and Sudanese. Issa claimed he was merely a lookout, not a poacher. A welcome sight returns to Zakouma: babies. Although the adaptation comes with a pricean associated genetic mutation kills male elephants before they're bornthe emerging trait may have helped save the population. All rights reserved. Eventually, more than four tons was found, Africas largest seizure since the global ivory trade ban took effect in 1990. Katy Payne/The Elephant Listening Project, Former Commando Turns Conservationist To Save Elephants Of Dzanga Bai. when will hunters get the message we need other species alive on our planet for our own species to survive . I'm outraged as to how some people have the audacity to kill these inconncent , sentient creatures who , like most animals help keep the food chain stable. In 1978, the elephant was listed as threatened under the United States' Endangered Species Act. It consists of a battery capable of lasting more than a year, a GPS receiver, an Iridium satellite transceiver, and a temperature sensor. Because there were no tuskless males, the researchers suspected the trait might be caused by genes on the x chromosome, including a dominant one for tusklessness and a recessive one lethal only to males. Poachers killed at least 132 last year, and as of this June, rangers had discovered another 42 carcasses with bullet holes, more than 30 attributed to a single Sudanese poaching expeditiona combined loss amounting to more than 10 percent of the parks entire population of elephants, estimated now to be no more than about 1,500. Gathering speed, they continue north before abruptly turning east, in the direction of Khartoum. They set up camp and in a four-month rampage killed up to 650 elephants. ", "We got into a boat; we went downriver," Turkalo says. Calculate the percentages of the illegally killed elephants between 2007 and 2013 represented by each group of elephants in Question 3. And someoneits unclear whois believed to be killing elephants from helicopters, as evidenced by bullet holes in the tops of skulls and the removal of tusks by what can only be chain saws. It was reassuring to find the Tanzanian law enforcers so vigilant, because the country is plagued by perhaps the worst elephant poaching in Africa, and corruption is rife. Researchers took blood samples from elephants in order to sequence their genomes. The rangers Im going out with have each been allocated a handful of rounds for old and unreliable AK-47s, most of them seized from poachers. We protect the elephant to protect the park. Albert Roca, a geneticist at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, calls the shift striking in its speedand because it is driven by people. Killings of civilians have likewise dropped, from 1,252 in 2009 to 13 in 2014, but abductions are rising again, and it takes the arrival of only a few of the armed militants to send fear ricocheting through communities. These soldiers are tasked with helping rangers fight poachers and armed groups like theLRA. DNA suggests that some of the ivory is from elephants killed in May 2013 at Dzanga Bai in CAR. Outnumbered and ill equipped, theyre manning the front line in a violent battle that affects us all. Widows now get a sum equal to six years of a rangers salary. This is a photocopy of the diary of the LRAs Lt. Col. Vincent Binany Okumu, who, defectors say, was in charge of ivory hunting in Garamba National Park. An adviser to the Ugandan military rejects the helicopter accusation, and suggests that the elephants might have been shot in the top of the head after they were down. "This time they covered most of country," she says, "pillage, rape and kill. It was supposed to be a short posting, but he saw too much death to leave. We meet in a busy coffee shop full of students from nearby Brown University. Which raises the question: If ivory is poached by Sudanese, where is it going? "It was the 24th of March," she says. You must be a real animal lover, I say. It was the rainy season, and the rangers, like the elephants they were guarding, had left the park for higher ground. They have flashbacks. What can be done to help save the elephants? In the criminal world, ivory operates as currency, so in a way Im asking Dante to print counterfeit money I canfollow. You did exactly what you were supposed to do, I said, shaking their hands. Fish and Wildlife Service. Onen had been part of an LRA poaching operation in Garamba consisting of 41 fighters, including Konys son Salim. Another potential knock-on is changes to the broader landscape, as the study has revealed that tusked and tuskless animals eat different plants. I arrive at what amounts to the park rangers northern front, an outpost vulnerable both to Sudanese poachers and Konys army. At that time, about 18% of females there were born without tusks. During the summer Konys soldiers had killed 25 elephants in Garamba, and they were on their way back to Kony carrying the ivory. CAMPBELL-STATON: But then I realized that there wasn't actually a lot of empirical data about what the response was from, you know, what the genetic basis of the trait was. 75/129 = 58.1%. Since the 1980s, and beginning in Uganda, Konys minions are alleged to have killed tens of thousands of people, slicing the lips, ears, and breasts off women, raping children and women, chopping off the feet of those caught riding bicycles, and kidnapping young boys to create an army of child soldiers who themselves grow into killers. Before the civil war, about 18.5% of females were naturally tuskless, but that figure has risen to 33% among elephants born since the early 1990s. Turkalo had lived through civil strife before, but this time, she tells us, it was much worse. By 1913, the African elephant population had dropped to an estimated 10 million. Then, like a bobber in a fishing hole, a nibble. I spend a night in police custody, where Im given a desk to sleep on. Read about our approach to external linking. The story typically would have ended with the wanton killing of these park rangers protecting elephants. EVERY SINGLE animal on this planet is special and this doesn't happen to monkeys or crocodiles or birds does it? Turkalo is back in the U.S. now, living near Providence, R.I. She had to flee Africa last year because of the civil war in the country that is home to the elephants she shared a life with. RESEARCH: Heidi Schultz, Brad Scriber. "During the war, Gorongosa was essentially the geographic center of the conflict," Long said via email. Traits that are beneficial in one environment may not be beneficial in another. 2023 American Association for the Advancement of Science. No, I want ivory for ammunition to keep fighting, was Konys reply, according to Onen, who was listening to transmissions. CORNISH: That's Fanie Pelletier, a wildlife biologist in Canada who wasn't involved in the work. 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